PAST PARTICIPLE

THE PAST PARTICIPLE

The past participle of some verbs are formed by adding -d, -ed, -n, -en or -t to the base form of the verb. And others are irregular verbs. 
The past participle form can be used: 

1. As an adjective that qualifies a noun. 
2. In perfect tenses after the helping verb have / has.

EXAMPLES:

• The girl found the broken plate.
• I have closed the door. 

PAST PARTICIPLE
BASE FORM	PAST PARTICIPLE
Eat	Eaten
Sleep	Slept
Work	Worked
Be	Been
Study	Studied
Fry	Fried
Close	Closed
Make	Made
Break	Broken
Cut	Cut
Read	Read
Have	Had
Win	Won
Go	Been / gone
Fly	Flown
Do	Done
Speak	Spoken

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The Present Perfect Tense of a verb is formed by using the Past Participle of the main verb after the helping verb have or has. 
The present perfect simple tense is used to:

• Describe actions that occurred in the past but are still relevant to the present.
• Describe an action that started in the past but is still happening on a regular or habitual basis.
• Describe actions that were repeated several times in the past.

STRUCTURE:

POSITIVE SENTENCES:

Subject + Helping Verb  + Past Participle.

• He has broken his arm.
• The women have played tennis at the club.
• I've already made several calls.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES:

Subject + Helping Verb + not + Past Participle.

• My friends haven't ever gone to France.
• She hasn't eaten at that restaurant.

YES / NO QUESTIONS:

Helping Verb  + Subject +  Past Participle.

• Has she eaten rice yet?
• Have you answered her letter?

WH- QUESTIONS:

Wh- word + Helping Verb  + Subject +  Past Participle.

• Why has Dani left the city?
• Where has she eaten rice?

STRUCTURE
SUBJECT	HELPING VERB	CONTRACTIONS	PAST PARTICIPLE
I	Have (not)	I've - Haven't	Written
You		You've - Haven't
He	Has (not)	He's - Hasn't
She		She's - Hasn't
It		It's - Hasn't
We	Have (not)	We've - Haven't
They		They've - Haven't

Tag Questions in the Present Perfect Simple

Tag questions are those short questions that are tagged into the end of a sentence. They are used just to make sure that the person you’re talking to understood what you meant or to emphasize what you said.

They’re formed by using a regular sentence in the present perfect simple, then adding haven’t or hasn’t and a pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, they,) and a question mark (?).

EXAMPLES:

• John has known her for a couple of years, hasn’t he?
• They have been in business since 1980, haven’t they?

You may also add a positive tag when you’re using a negative sentence.

• Keisha hasn’t spoken to you yet, has she?
• Those kids have never played rugby, have they?

As a rule: When the sentence is positive, the tag is negative.
When the sentence is negative, the tag is positive.